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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF. CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 

MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


SCENES 


IN 


EUROPE. 


QEBMAN    COSTUMES. 


NEW   rORK: 
LEAYITT   AND    ALLEN, 

21  &  23  MERCER   STREET. 


SPANISH  SMUGGLERS. 

From  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  to  the  pre- 
sent time  the  policy  of  the  Spanish  government  has  been 
anti-commercial.  Their  aim  has  always  been  to  exclude 
foreign  goods  so  as  to  force  the  inhabitants  to  rely  on 
native  manufactures.  But  the  roads  in  Spain  are  bad, 
and  the  government  taxes  on  native  industry  are  heavy, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  Spaniards,  even  if  they 
were  ever  so  skilful  and  ingenious,  to  manufacture  arti- 
cles as  cheap  as  the  French  and  English,  who  have  no 
such  difficulties  to  contend  with.  The  result  is  that 
more  than  half  of  the  entire  trade  of  the  country  has 
been  thrown  into  the  hands  of  smugglers.  Despite  of 
the  laws  enacted  against  the  importation  of  foreign 
goods,  they  are  brought  into  the  country  and  the  people 
buy  them  in  preference  to  their  own  native  manufactures, 
because  they  can  obtain  them  cheaper. 

Spain  affords  the  greatest  facilities  for  unlawful  trade. 
A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  she  has  an  exten- 
sive sea  frontier ;  foreign  goods  can  also  be  smuggled 
into  the  country  by  way  of  France  and  Portugal.  It  is 
not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  laws  against  the  intro- 
duction of  foreign  goods  into  the  home  markets  are  a 
dead  letter,  and  that  the  government  now  no  longer 

(5) 


^r^rf^  jmj»mtr% 


6  SPANISH  SMUGGLERS. 

attempts  to  notice  an  evil  which  it  has  not  the  ability 
to  crush  them.  The  smuggler,  therefore,  fearlessly 
enters  the  towns  and  villages  of  Spain,  and  finds  a  ready 
sale  for  his  goods,  transacting  business  in  open  day,  in 
the  public  markets,  in  defiance  of  the  laws. 

There  is  something  chivalrous  and  romantic  about 
Spanish  smugglers.  His  costume  is  very  picturesque. 
He  wears  a  brown  jacket,  embroidedwith  silver  buttons, 
a  red  sash,  and  a  laced  shirt,  short,  loose  trowsers  and 
a  conical  hat.  He  is  invariably  well-mounted,  well- 
armed,  ready  to  meet  danger  at  a  moment's  notice,  and 
to  fight  bravely  in  defence  of  his  unlawful  traffic.  His 
weapons  are  a  cutlass  and  two  brace  of  pistols ;  a  long 
Spanish  gun  is  attached  to  his  side  when  mounted,  the 
barrel  being  pointed  downwards.  His  goods  are  packed 
in  small  bales  and  slung  over  the  crupper  of  his  sad- 
dle. When  travelling,  he  can  always  command  the 
best  accomodation  at  the  inns.  His  liveliness,  energy, 
and  the  ample  opportunites  he  possesses  of  becoming 
acquainted  with  passing  events,  render  him  an  agree- 
able companion  and  a  welcome  visitant.  He  may  be 
seen  standing  at  the  door  of  the  Spanish  inn,  telling 
the  news  to  a  group  of  eager  listeners,  or  seated  in  the 
chimney  corner,  smoking  his  segar,  with  his  wine  skin 
by  his  side  and  enlivening  the  company  with  his  guitar. 


OLIYE  GATHEKING. 

Spain  and  Portugal  are  countries  in  which  grow 
spontaneously,  in  the  greatest  abundance,  the  orange, 
the  lemon,  the  vine,  and  the  olive.  The  olive  plant  es- 
pecially is  very  common,  and  much  cultivated.  In  this 
country  olives  are  used  only  at  the  tables  of  the  rich, 
but  in  Spain  and  Portugal  they  are  a  common  and 
necessary  article  of  food  amongst  all  classes.  The 
shepherd  takes  nothing  with  him  to  the  field  but  a 
little  bread,  a  flask  of  wine,  and  a  horn  of  olives ;  the 
carvetiero  or  carman  carries  with  him  only  his  wine 
skin,  his  loaf,  and  his  olives ;  and  the  laborer  in  the 
field  and  peasant  in  his  cottage  have  often  nothing  more 
till  night  fall ;  a  failure  in  the  olive  crop  would  there- 
fore be  a  serious  calamity,  and  its  cultivation  is  the 
chief  object  of  solicitude  to  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
farmer.  Although  olives  are  disagreeable  to  those  unac- 
customed to  their  flavor,  yet  with  bread,  they  form  a 
nutritive  and  refreshing  diet. 

The  olive  tree  is  extremely  beautiful  and  at  the  same 
time  singular  in  its  appearance.  Its  trunk  usually 
consists  of  a  mass  of  decayed  wood,  with  young  and 
graceful  branches  springing  from  its  top  and  sides, 
clothed  with  dark  green  leaves.     The  green  wood  burns 

(9) 


10  OLIVE  GATHERING. 

readily,  and  together  with  the  leaves  emits  a  strong 
sparkling  flame,  and  apparently  contains  much  oil. 

The  oil  extracted  from  the  fruit  is  very  pure.  It  is 
obtained  in  the  following  manner.  The  olives  are  at 
first  cleaned  and  their  stalks,  and  leaves  carefully  re- 
moved ;  they  are  then  thrown  into  a  mill  which  crushes 
them  into  a  paste,  this  paste  is  heated  over  a  slow  fire 
in  appropriate  vessels.  The  oil  now  rises  to  the  top 
and  is  conveyed  by  conduits  into  other  vessels,  where 
all  the  impurities  settle  at  the  bottom  and  leave  the 
good  oil  floating  on  the  surface,.  The  oil  is  then  colored 
and  poured  off  into  large  jars,  when  it  is  ready  for  sale 
or  use. 

The  Spanish  method  of  gathering  the  olive  is  diffe- 
rent from  that  of  the  Portuguese,  who  beat  down  the  fruit 
from  the  trees  with  long  poles,  as  seen  in  the  engraving. 
Both  the  oil  and  the  fruit  are  injured  by  this  practice, 
as  the  latter  is  too  much  bruised  by  the  fall  and  the 
blows.  In  Spain  olives  are  gathered  by  the  hand,  and 
though  the  process  is  more  laborious,  and  expensive, 
yet  ample  compensation  is  afforded  by  the  superiority 
of  the  produce. 

Olives  intended  to  be  used  as  food  are  either  cut 
and  soaked  with  herbs  in  salt  and  water,  or  else 
blackened  and  dried  in  the  sun  and  afterwards  put  into 
j  ars  wdth  oil,  salt,  pepper  and  other  spices.  When  eaten 
they  are  invariably  flavored  with  oil  and  vinegar. 


WINE  MAKING. 

The  grapes  which  are  cultivated  in  the  United  States 
with  so  much  care  in  conservatories,  grow  wild  in  the 
south  of  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal.  In  those  coun- 
tries the  clusters  are  much  larger,  and  the  vines  are 
plentiful.  We  receive  our  wines  therefore  from  southern 
Europe ;  about  the  time  we  cut  our  corn  they  gather 
their  grapes. 

Just  before  the  vintage  commences,  the  wine  presses 
and  the  vessels  which  will  be  required,  are  washed  witli 
cold  water,  thoroughly  drained,  and  then  sponged  with 
brandy  of  good  quality.  The  labors  of  the  vintage  are 
conducted  in  the  following  manner. 

Children  and  women  gather  the  grapes  in  baskets, 
taking  care  not  to  put  in  any  bad  or  unripe  fruit.  Every 
row  of  vines  has  its  picker,  and  every  twelve  rows  its 
overlooker,  who  sees  that  the  work  is  done  properly  and 
none  of  the  grapes  left  ungathered.  To  every  eight 
rows  there  are  two  baste  carriers,  who  convey  it  to  the 
baste,  or  tub,  where  the  grapes  are  trodden  under  foot,  and 
the  juice  issues  through  a  hole  in  to  another  tub,  asre])re- 
sented  in  the  engraving. 

(13) 


THE  YENETIAN  GONDOLA. 

Yenice  the  capital  of  Austrian  Italy,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  built  on  a  cluster 
of  small  islands.  The  land  coast  of  these  islands 
is  so  low,  and  the  spires  and  domes  of  her  churches 
and  palaces  are  so  lofty,  that,  as  the  vessel  approaches, 
the  city  appears  as  if  rising  from  the  waves.  These 
islands  are  connected  by  numerous  bridges  which,  being 
steep  and  only  intended  for  foot  passengers,  are  always 
built  in  steps  rising  over  an  arch.  The  canals  across 
which  these  bridges  are  built  intersect  every  part  of 
the  city  and  form  its  streets.  In  such  a  place  carriages 
and  horses  are  of  no  use  whatever.  AljinU^ercourse  is 
carried  on  by  means  of  Gondolas  or  barges.  The  Gon- 
dola is  the  sole  equipage  of  the  Venetian  noble.  In 
this  he  is  carried  on  his  visits,  for  his  amusement,  or  to 
his  business,  and  in  this  a  considerable  part  of  his  time 
is  passed. 

The  length  of  this  beautifulboat  is  nearly  thirty  feet, 
and  the  breadth  about  five ;  and  it  affords  accommodation 
for  six  passengers  besides  the  two  rowers.  Some,  how- 
ever, are  much  smaller,  and  are  rowed  by  one  person. 
The  form  is  very  light  and  elegant.  The  Gondola  is 
flat  bottomed,  and  its  sides  slope  away  considerably. 
(14) 


COEK  FOREST  IN  PORTUGAL. 

The  soil  of  Portugal,  like  that  of  Spain,  is  very  fertile, 
and  nothing  is  wanted  but  intelligence  and  industry  on 
the  part  of  the  inhabitants  to  render  it  productive  to 
almost  any  extent.  Agriculture  is,  however,  much  ne- 
glected. The  want  of  a  proper  system  of  renting  the 
land  and  the  consequent  insecurity  of  the  occupiers ; 
the  number  of  Saint's  days,  fasts,  and  other  supersti- 
tious observances,  together  with  the  ignorance  of  the 
people,  have  prevented  the  soil  from  being  cultivated,  and 
large  tracts  still  remain  covered  with  forests  of  pine  or 
of  cork. 

The  oak  grows  in  considerable  quantities  in  Portu- 
gal, but  it  is  dwarfish  and  insignificant  when  compared 
with  the  cork  tree.  The  cork  tree  resembles  the  oak 
in  the  form  of  its  branches,  but  it  is  perhaps  more  grace- 
ful. The  leaves  are  smoother  and  of  a  brighter  green, 
and  the  bark  which  is  of  an  immense  thickness,  and 
extremely  rough,  furnishes  the  cork  which  we  use  for 
stoppers  to  bottles  &c.  When  the  tree  is  six  or  seven 
years  old,  it  is  fit  for  barking,  and  as  there  is  always  a 
new  bark  formed  underneath  the  old  bark,  the  tree  sur- 
vives the  operation,  and  again  furnishes  another  supply 
in  a  few  more  years. 

(19) 


20  CORK  FOREST  IN  PORTUGAL. 

The  principal  exports  of  cork  are  obtained  from  the 
cork  forests  at  Moira,  in  the  Alentejo.  This  forest  is 
represented  in  the  annexed  engraving.  A  regiment  of 
Portuguese  soldiers  have  sought  refuge  from  the  heat 
of  the  sun  beneath  its  shades,  after  the  labor  of  their 
toilsome  march.  The  encampment  presents  an  anima- 
ted scene.  Every  tree  is  as  it  were  a  house,  and  shelters 
a  dozen  or  more  soldiers  beneath  its  broad  branches  and 
thick  foliage.  Some  of  the  men  appear  to  be  busy  pre- 
paring the  frugal  meal,  others  are  resting  after  the  fatigue 
of  their  journey,  others  again  are  forming  beds  from 
the  branches  and  underwood,  and  all  appear  to  be  most 
happy  to  avail  themselves  of  the  grateful  covering  of 
the  cork  trees  by  which  they  are  surrounded. 


YALLET  OF  SETUBAL  IN  PORTUGAL. 

Setubal  or  St.  Obes  is  a  city  and  seaport  of  Portugal 
in  the  province  Estremadura,  situated  on  the  North 
side  of  the  bay  of  Setubal.  The  city  extends  about 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  along  the  beach,  consisting 
mostly  of  two  or  three  narrow,  parallel  streets,  crossed 
by  others,  and  some  squares,  in  one  of  which  is  a  hand- 
some public  fountain.  It  is  inclosed  by  walls  partly  in 
ruins,  and  defended  by  the  castle  of  St.  Philip  and  a 
few  other  detached  forts.  It  has  several  convents  and 
hospitals,  Latin  schools,  and  courts  of  justice,  broad 
quays  and  convenient  harbors,  but  it  is  chiefly  remark- 
able for  the  very  romantic  and  picturesque  scenery  of 
its  environs. 

The  beautiful  valley  of  Setubal,  represented  in  the 
engraving,  is  much  frequented  by  tourists.  The  forest 
and  mountain  scenery  here  represented  well  deserves 
to  be  sketched  by  the  pencil  of  the  artist.  This  view 
combines  luxuriant  beauty  with  sterile  grandeur.  The 
horizon  of  the  landscape  is  bounded  by  the  bald  peaks 
of  the  Cintra  mountains ;  beyond  them  is  Lisbon  the 
capital  of  Portugal  with  its  domes  and  turrets  glittering 
in  the  sun,  and  the  vast  Atlantic  covered  with  an  as- 
semblage of  the  ships  of  all  civilized  nations.     In  the 

(23) 


24  VALLEY  OF  SETUBAL  IN  PORTUGAL. 

foreground  of  the  picture  are  visible,  some  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  a  Portuguese  forest.  The  plants  of  tropical 
and  temperate  climates  grow  together  in  Portugal.  The 
bright  green  of  the  orange  and  lemon  here  mingles 
with  the  dark  foliage  of  the  cedar  and  the  Cyprus ;  the 
elm,  the  poplar,  and  the  oak,  grow  beside  the  prickly 
pear,  the  aloe,  and  the  date  palm.  But  unfortu- 
nately the  inhabitants  of  this  valley  are  too  degraded  to 
appreciate  the  loveliness  and  grandeur  by  which  they 
are  surrounded.  Many  of  them  are  robbers.  The  dark 
shades  of  its  forests  furnish  an  ambuscade  from  which 
they  run  on  the  unwary  traveller.  Robberies  however, 
are  not  so  frequent  here  as  formerly,  a  more  vigilant  po- 
lice, the  constant  movement  of  the  troops  from  place,  to 
place,  and  a  castle  in  its  neighborhood  have  done  much 
to  ensure  the  safety  of  the  visiter. 


*«Mi^ 


HARVEST  IN  :N^0RMANDT. 

Normandy  is  a  country  which  in  its  general  features 
resembles  England.  In  the  reign  of  William  the  Con- 
queror the  two  countries  were  united.  Many  houses  in 
Hertfordshire,  Rutlandshire  and  other  English  counties 
are  decidedly  Norman  in  their  architecture.  The  climate 
is  rather  warmer,  and  the  weather  is  not  so  changeable, 
but  the  same  winds  prevail,  and  the  seasons  are  nearly 
similar,  to  those  in  England.  Agriculture  is  however, 
in  a  backward  condition.  The  farms  are  small,  and  a 
great  portion  of  the  country  is  covered  by  forests  and 
is  still  uncultivated. 

The  agricultural  implements  of  the  Norman  farmer 
are  in  a  very  primitive  state.  The  ploughs  are  heavy, 
the  harrows  continue  to  have  wooden  teeth,  and  such  a 
thing  as  a  threshing  machine  or  a  fan  for  winnowing  is 
hardly  known  amongst  them.  Their  mode  of  harvest- 
ing is  somewhat  peculiar  as  a  glance  at  the  cut  will  show. 
The  American  farmer  has  always  one  wagon  loading 
in  the  field,  another  on  the  road,  and  another  unload- 
ing at  the  barn  at  the  same  time.  Not  a  moment  is  lost, 
and  the  work  is  cheerfully  and  vigorously  performed. 
In  Normandy  however,  the  men  are  engaged  in  reaping 
and  binding  the  sheaves  whilst  the  women  are  creep- 

(27) 


28  HARVEST  IN  NORMANDY. 

ing  the  whole  day  to  and  from  the  barn  by  the  side 
of  a  horse  laden  with  eight  sheaves !  What  a  waste 
is  here,  but  such  is  the  custom  of  the  country. 

The  truth  is  that  the  land  is  cultivated  under  different 
circumstances  in  Normandy.  The  farms  are  genei'ally  so 
poor  that  there  is  very  little  produce  to  spare  for  com- 
mercial purposes,  after  the  wants  of  the  family  have 
been  supplied. 

In  France,  women  are  employed  in  rural  labor,  which 
is  nearly  equal  in  value  to  that  of  the  men.  After  the 
man  has  had  a  spell  at  the  plough  handle  he  gives  it 
to  the  woman.  Mr.  Cobbett,  thus  describes  a  scene 
on  one  of  the  public  roads  in  Normandy. 

"  A  voice  I  took  for  that  of  a  postilion  to  a  courier,  or 
some  public  conveyance,  warned  me  to  get  out  of  the 
road.  The  vigorous  '  go  along !'  and  the  not  less  vigor- 
ous cracking  of  the  whip,  came  from  a  young  woman 
not  more  than  seventeen  years  old,  who  trotted  by  me, 
being  astride  upon  one  of  the  wheel-horses  of  four  fat 
little  animals,  that,  two  a-breast,  were  drawing  a  little 
light  farmer's  wagon.  She  was  riding  on  the  horse  with- 
out a  saddle  or  saddle-cloth." 


« 


ENGLISH  HOP  GAEDENS. 

The  hop  is  a  perennial  rooted  plant  with  an  annual 
twining  stem,  which  on  poles  or  in  hedges  wdll  reach 
the  height  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet,  or  even  more, 
It  is  a  native  of  England  and  most  parts  of  Europe ; 
grows  in  hedges,  flowers  in  June,  and  ripens  its  sdRs 
in  September.  In  Europe  it  has  been  long  cultivated 
on  account  of  the  useful  properties  of  its  flowers  in  the 
manufacture  of  beer,  and  ale.  It  grows  wild  in  different 
parts  of  Asia,  but  it  is  not  there  applied  to  any  useful 
purpose. 

The  method  of  cultivating  the  hop  in  the  English  gar- 
den is  as  follows : — 

The  land  is  first  cleared  and  prepared,  and  man  •  e  is 
laid  in  small  heaps  where  the  cuttings  or  hop  slips  are. 
The  places  are  commonly  marked  off  by  a  number  of 
short  stakes  being  driven  into  the  ground  at  proper 
and  equal  distances  from  each  other.  Circular  holes 
about  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  are  then  made  by 
taking  out  the  mould  to  the  depth  of  about  twel\o 
inches.  These  holes  are  partially  filled  with  manure, 
upon  which  is  placed  the  mould  which  had  been  taken 
out  in  the  first  instance;  and  in  this  way  a  series 
of  small  risings  or  hillocks  formed,  generally  at  the 

(31) 


32  ENGLISH  HOP  GARDENS. 

distance  of  about  six  feet  from  each  other.  On  each 
of  these  hillocks,  the  slips  to  the  number  of  five,  six,  or 
seven,  are  planted  by  means  of  a  dippling  stick.  One 
is  placed  on  the  top  or  centre  of  the  hill,  and  the  rest, 
at  equal  distances  around  it,  being  made  to  incline  to- 
wards that  in  the  centre. 

The  hop  slips  are  generally  planted  in  February  or 
March.  About  the  end  of  April,  the  buds  or  young 
t\#Qing  shoots  have  generally  grown  to  the  height  of 
two  or  three  inches  above  the  ground,  and  the  hop 
poles  are  set  in  the  hillocks.  The  hop  poles  are  slender 
shoots  of  the  ash,  oak,  chestnut  or  willow,  from  sixteen 
to  twenty  feet  in  height.  The  young  shoots  or  vines 
are  tied  to  them  with  withered  rushes.  This  branch 
of  the  cultivation  generally  affords  employment  to  a 
great  number  of  persons,  particularly  women. 

The  time  of  the  hop  gathering  is  indicated  by  the 
strong  scent  given  forth  by  the  flowers,  and  the  color  of 
the  seeds.  Frames  or  bins  are  constructed  of  four 
pieces  of  board,  from  seven  to  eight  feet  in  length,  and 
three  feet  in  width,  which  are  nailed  to  four  posts  or 
legs.  A  set  of  six  or  eight  pickers  are  situated  on 
either  side  of  these  frames.  There  is  one  man  to  every 
set,  who  cuts  the  vines  and  lays  the  poles  on  the  f lames  to 
be  picked.  The  pickers  carefully  separate  the  helps 
from  the  plants  and  throw  them  into  a  cloth  suspended 
on  hooks  beneath  the  frame. 


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POCKET  EDITION. 


No.  1.  16  Pictures.  Cloth 

"  2.  "  "  clasp 

"  3.  "  Morocco  " 

"  4.  "  Turkey  extra    " 

"  5.  "  "       antique " 


5  .75 

.90 

1.12 

2.t)0 

2.00 


No. 


24  Pictures. 


No.  15. 
"    16. 

"  17. 
"  18. 
"  19. 
"    20. 


No.  40. 

"  41. 

"  42. 

"  43 

"  44. 

»  45. 

"  46. 

"  47. 

"  48. 

"  49. 


40  Pictures. 


60 


20  Pictures. 


30 


OBLONG. 

Morocco.  2  clasps  $3.75  i  No.  21. 

Turkejr  extra         "  5.25      "    22. 

'•        antique     "  5.25  |     "    23. 

Mprocco.  "  4.50  i    "    24. 

Turkey  extra         "  6.00  I    "    25. 

"        antique      "  6.00 1    "    26. 

ROYAL  12mo. 
No.  50. 
51. 


Cloth         .         .         .  $1  .50 

"      clasp     ,         .  2.00 

Morocco  2  clasps  3.00 

Turkey  extra         "  4.50 

"         antique     "  4.50 

Cloth  .         .         .  2.00  I 

"     clasp     .         •  2  50  I 

Morocco  2  clasps  3.  .50  I 

Turkey  extra         "  4  75  ! 

"         antique     "  4.75  ! 


80  Pictures. 


100 


40  Pictures. 


Cloth         .         .  .  $1.12 

"                  clasp  .  1.25 

Morocco            "      .  1.50 

Turkey  extra    "  .     2.62 

"       antique "     .  2.62 


Morocco.  2  clasps  $5.25 

Turkey  extra         "  6.75 

"        antique     "  6.75 

Morocco  "  6  00 

Turkey  extra         "  7.50 

*'        antique     "  7.50 


52. 

53. 

54. 

55.    50 

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 


Cloth         ... 

"     clasp     . 
Morocco  2  clasps 

Turkey  extra         " 

"  antique     " 

Cloth 

"     clasp     . 
Morocco  2  clasps 

Turkey  extra 

"         antique     " 


ROYAL   OBLONG 


No.  80.    eO  Pictures.  Turkey  extra.    2  clasps  $8.00  !  No.  83.    80  Pictures.  Turkey  antiq.    2  clasps 
"    81.  "  "       antique       "         8  00  1     "    84.  100      "  "       extra  " 

"    82.    80        "  Turkey  extra  "         8.50;     "    85.  "  "       antique       " 

FRENCH   ALBUMS. 
No.  100.     20  Pictures    Morocco.     2  clasps  ,No.  102.    40  Pictures    Morocco.     2  clasps  . 


J2.50 
3.00 
3.75 
5.00 
5.00 
3.00 
3.50 
4.25 
5.50 
5.60 


$8.50 
9.00 
9.00 


'<    101.     30 


"    103.    50 


Published  by  LEAVITT  &  ALLEN,  23  Mercer  St.,  New  York. 


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PICTURES  &  POETRY. 
eivrA.iL.1:,  qtjarto.    so,  4o,  go,  so,  &  loo  pictures. 


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